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Technologies for Spreading the Word

December 21, 2016 Karen Bellenir
Petroglyphs at Newspaper Rock, Petrified Forest National Park (courtesy National Park Service, 2015-02-17).

Petroglyphs at Newspaper Rock, Petrified Forest National Park (courtesy National Park Service, 2015-02-17).

On a Sunday afternoon not long ago, my daughter called to chat. My phone provides the option of assigning photos to specific people, so when she calls I see her wearing a paper pirate hat and laughing. It's a picture from a fun trip during which we toured a pirate ship at a museum. The treasure is in the memories. As we talked about this and that for close to an hour, I felt a deep sense of gratitude for being able to connect with her.

I'm also delighted that her brothers keep in touch with varying regularity. They each bring a unique style to the art of communication. One son prefers to converse via text messaging. He can apparently type with thumbs at the speed of a thought. My typing abilities, initially developed on a typewriter and later adapted to a computer keyboard, fail on my phone's tiny interface. Additionally, the device's autocorrect feature sometimes "helps," introducing a level of confusion into conversations. But we usually muddle through.  The other son, whose work entails a lot of travel, checks in from time to time from random states across the country. The message is often brief, just a quick "Hi" or a picture with a caption. But the contact serves an important function. It lets me know he's okay, and sometimes I can even figure out where he is.

Social media provides similar types of connections. In recent months, I've seen pictures of a friend's newborn granddaughter, my niece's vacation, and a cousin's front yard—still intact after a hurricane encounter. None of these messages were particularly earthshaking, but they let me know immediately: The baby arrived; mother and child are both healthy. Travel plans went smoothly; we're having a great time. We made it through the storm; all is well. Even when things haven't gone according to plan, knowing about problems and being able to participate in solutions helps me feel connected to people I care about.

This ability to receive nearly instantaneous messages is one I sometimes take for granted. Every once in a while, however, I stop to think about what it was like for people who had to rely on different technologies in earlier times.

Before internet connections, before text messaging, and even before telephone conversations, urgent news arrived via telegram. Before that, messages traveled by boat or horseback. Sometimes runners carried them. In some cultures, messages were sent by smoke signal or the sounding of drums.

The desire to make announcements and tell stories about life events seems an integral part of the human experience. Newspaper Rock, a State Historic Monument in Utah, contains a collection of carvings called petroglyphs. Some of the images date back nearly two thousand years. The meaning of the messages engraved in the rock has been lost through time, but recognizable images include human and animal shapes along with abstract forms. The Navajo name for the location, Tse' Hane, means "rock that tells a story." There are similarly engraved rocks in Arizona that depict clan, spiritual, and event information.

In ancient times, natives of the American west were not unique in their yearning to tell the daily news.

Slightly more than two thousand years ago in Israel, without access to social media, email, or even a telegraph service, God wanted to make an important announcement. He wanted to tell people about the birth of his Son. To get the word out, he used a star to guide the Magi. He sent an angelic herald to tell a group of shepherds, "Fear not: For behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Savior, which is Christ the Lord" (Luke 2:10-11).

Other characters in the nativity story received messages in dreams and interpreted the writings of ancient prophets. These old-school tools don't have the shiny pizzazz of modern technology, yet the message they delivered continues to stir the hearts of all who receive it.

May the message continue to spread: Merry Christmas.

—by Karen Bellenir

© 2016; reprinted with permission. This article was first published on December 2, 2016, in the author's newspaper column, Happy to Be Here, which appears monthly in the Farmville Herald.

First Flight

December 16, 2016 Karen Bellenir
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The Wright Brothers' first flight took place on December 17, 1903, at 10:30 a.m. at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The airplane arose for a few seconds to make the first powered, heavier-than-air controlled flight in history. The first flight lasted 12 seconds and flew a distance of 120 feet. Orville Wright piloted the historic flight while his brother, Wilbur, observed. (Photo and caption: Courtesy NASA on the Commons, Image #65-H-611; Date: December 17, 1903)

Look up. It's a plane! It may be carrying business people to meetings, vacationers to exotic locations, or holiday travelers to visit distant family members. Planes crisscross the skies with such frequency that it is easy to forget that heavier-than-air flight is a technology just slightly more than a century old.

The first flight took place on December 17, 1903, at 10:30 a.m. at Kitty Hawk, in North Carolina's Outer Banks. Orville and Wilbur Wright took a total of four flights that day. The first flight lasted 12 seconds; the fourth went a distance of 852 feet in 59 seconds. From this tentative beginning, aviation and aeronautics opened the world, and indeed the universe, to travel and exploration.

A Place to Visit
Wright Brothers National Memorial
1401 National Park Drive
Manteo, NC 27954

This article, along with more information, originally appeared in the December 2016 issue of Observations: A Pier Press® Newsletter. To view the complete newsletter, visit our online archives. Also, please consider becoming a subscriber so that future editions can be delivered directly to your inbox. Subscriptions are free!

Within an Ancient Scroll

December 1, 2016 Karen Bellenir
A partial transcription and translation of recovered text; Column 1 lines 5 to 7 from the En-Gedi scroll (© American Association for the Advancement of Science. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonC…

A partial transcription and translation of recovered text; Column 1 lines 5 to 7 from the En-Gedi scroll (© American Association for the Advancement of Science. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.)

In the biblical book of Joshua, lands are apportioned to the tribes of Israel. Judah's allotment included the En-Gedi region (Joshua 15:62), an area on the western bank of the Dead Sea. In that location, archeologists uncovered the remains of a community that was apparently established sometime around the eighth century BCE (Before the Common Era) and burned around the year 600 CE (Common Era is equivalent to AD). During excavations in the 1970s, archeologists found the charred remains of scrolls from the En Gedi synagogue. Looking inside the scrolls to see what they contained was impossible with the technology of the day, so the artifacts were carefully preserved.

Reports in September 2016 described a technique recently developed by scientists to peer inside the scrolls and read them. A team lead by William Brent Seales of the University of Kentucky designed a method that used micro–computed tomography (an x-ray based technology) and innovative software to scan the scrolls in a manner similar to how medical scans can create detailed 3D images of the human body. The process involved imaging a burned scroll's remains to identify the internal structure and locate the surfaces of its "pages." Next, information about the density of the surfaces enabled the team to locate the precise positions where ink existed. Customized software then digitally "unrolled" the information, transforming the 3D image into a 2D surface.

When examined, the text was discovered to be the opening chapters of Leviticus, one of the first five books of the Bible, known collectively as the Pentateuch (Five Books) or Torah (the Law). According to biblical scholars, the Hebrew script within the scroll matches the consonants of the Masoretic Text, which is commonly used as a source document for Old Testament writings. Ancient Hebrew writing contains consonants without vowels. The addition of vowel marks as an aid in pronunciation was not made by scribes until approximately the seventh century CE.

Attempts to pinpoint the date the scroll was written resulted in estimates that ranged from the middle of the first century to the fourth century CE. Carbon 14 dating suggests that the scroll may have been written sometime between the third and fourth centuries of the Common Era. An analysis of the handwriting suggests an earlier date during the first century CE. In either case, the scroll predates existing medieval texts by centuries and helps fill a gap in biblical textual scholarship.

Resources and More Information

This article, along with more images and links to resources, originally appeared in the October 2016 issue of Observations: A Pier Press® Newsletter. To view the complete newsletter, visit our online archives. Also, please consider becoming a subscriber so that future editions can be delivered directly to your inbox. Subscriptions are free!

If you're looking for more information about biblical source documents and want a summary written for laypeople, read "Concerning Source Documents," from Which Good Book? An Impartial Guide to Choosing a Bible Translation, by Karen A. Bellenir (Pier Press, 2014).

 

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